• 1. C++ Programming Language
• 2. AI: ChatGPT, CoPilot and Gemini

1. C++ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

• Limitations of Procedural Programming
• Need for Object-Oriented Programming
• Basic Concepts of OOP: Class, Object, Inheritance, Encapsulation, Abstraction, Polymorphism
• Benefits of OOP: Modularity, Reusability, Maintainability, Security
• Difference Between C and C++
• Applications of OOP in Real World Projects
• How C++ Supports OOP Paradigm

Moving from C to C++

• Understanding Scope Resolution Operator (::)
• Usage of const and constexpr
• Reference Variables (Aliases)
• Pointer vs Reference: Differences and Use Cases
• Passing Parameters by Reference
• Inline Functions for Optimization
• Function Overloading Concepts
• Default and Constant Arguments in Functions
• Function with Variable Number of Arguments (variadic functions)
• Function Pointers in C++

Classes and Objects

• Defining a Class and Creating Objects
• Access Specifiers: public, private, protected
• Defining and Accessing Member Functions
• Inline vs Outside Class Function Definitions
• Memory Allocation of Objects and Members
• Using Static Data Members and Static Member Functions
• Const Member Functions and Const Objects
• Nested Classes
• Anonymous Objects and Temporary Objects
• Anonymous Classes

Constructors and Destructors

• Purpose of Constructors
• Types: Default, Parameterized, Copy Constructors
• Dynamic Constructors
• Constructor Overloading
• Constructor with Default Arguments
• Explicit Constructors
• Shallow Copy vs Deep Copy
• Destructor Syntax and Usage
• Order of Constructor/Destructor Execution in Inheritance
• Initialization Lists in Constructors

Operator Overloading

• Introduction to Operator Overloading
• Overloadable and Non-Overloadable Operators
• Unary Operator Overloading
• Binary Operator Overloading
• Using Member vs Friend Function for Overloading
• Overloading Arithmetic, Relational, and Assignment Operators
• Overloading Subscript [] and Function Call () Operators
• Overloading Type Conversion Operators
• Best Practices in Operator Overloading

Inheritance

• What is Inheritance? Why is it Needed?
• Base and Derived Class Syntax
• Types of Inheritance: Single, Multilevel, Multiple, Hierarchical, Hybrid
• Constructor/Destructor Calls in Inheritance
• Function Overriding and Object Slicing
• Access Specifiers and Inheritance
• Virtual Base Class and Diamond Problem
• Using protected Members
• Inheritance and Memory Layout

Virtual Functions & Polymorphism

• What is Polymorphism?
• Compile-Time Polymorphism: Function and Operator Overloading
• Runtime Polymorphism using Virtual Functions
• Pointer to Base Class Holding Derived Class Object
• VTable and VPTR Internals
• Pure Virtual Functions and Abstract Classes
• Rules for Virtual Functions
• Virtual Destructors
• Function Overriding vs Function Hiding

Templates

• Function Templates with Single and Multiple Parameters
• Template Argument Deduction
• Class Templates
• Class Templates with Multiple Type Parameters
• Templates and Inheritance
• Template Specialization (Full and Partial)
• Non-Type Template Arguments
• Templates and STL Introduction

Exception Handling

• Need for Exception Handling
• try-catch Block Syntax
• Multiple catch Blocks
• Catching All Exceptions
• Throwing Objects
• Nested try-catch Blocks
• Rethrowing Exceptions
• Creating Custom Exception Classes
• Stack Unwinding and Resource Management

Streams Computation With Console

• What are Streams?
• cin, cout, cerr, clog Usage
• Unformatted Console Input and Output
• Formatted Output with manipulators
• Using getline(), get(), put()

Manipulating Strings

• Using C-style Character Arrays
• Introduction to std::string Class
• Common String Methods: length, substr, find, insert, erase, etc.
• Concatenation and Comparison
• Conversion between string and numbers using stoi, to_string
• Handling Unicode with wstring and wchar_t

Files and Streams

• Stream Classes: ifstream, ofstream, fstream
• Opening, Reading, Writing, Appending Text Files
• Binary File Operations
• File Modes (ios::in, ios::out, ios::binary, etc.)
• File Pointers and their Manipulation (seekg, seekp, tellg, tellp)
• Detecting End of File and File Errors
• Serialization using Files

Object-Oriented Systems Development

• Procedure-Oriented Development Tools
• Object-Oriented Notations and Graphs
• Steps in Object-Oriented Analysis
• Steps in Object-Oriented Design
• Implementation
• Use Cases and Requirements Gathering
• UML Diagrams: Class, Object, Sequence, Use Case
• Design Principles: SOLID, DRY, YAGNI
• Design Patterns Overview: Factory, Singleton, Strategy

2. ChatGPT, CoPilot and Gemini